ÇáØÝÑÉ

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ÇáØÝÑÇÊ :

ÇáØÝÑÉ åí ßá ÊÛíÑ ãÝÇÌÆ Ýí ÇáãÇÏÉ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ ÊÓÇåã Ýí ÇáÊÌÏíÏ æ ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáæÑÇËí¡ æ íãßä ÊÕäíÝåÇ Åáì ØÝÑÇÊ ÍáíáíÉ æ ØÝÑÇÊ ÕÈÛíÉ. æ áÇ Êßæä æÑÇËíÉ ÅáÇ ÅÐÇ åãÊ ÇáÎáÇíÇ ÇáÌäÓíÉ.

Ü ÃäæÇÚ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ:

Ü ÇáØÝÑÇÊ ÇáÍáíáíÉ: æåí ØÝÑÇÊ ãÑÊÈØÉ ÈÊÛíÑÇÊ Ýí ÊÓáÓá ÇáäíßáíæÊíÏÇÊ ÈÓÈÈ ÇáÇÓÊÈÏÇá Ãæ ÇáÅÖÇÝÉ Ãæ ÇáÖíÇÚ Ãæ ÇáÇäÊÞÇá æ ÞÏ Êåã äíßáíæäíÏÇ æÇÍÏÇ Ãæ ÃßËÑ. ßãÇ íãßä ãÖÇÚÝÉ ÇáÍáíá ÈÃßãáå.

ÈÚÖ ÇáÃãËáÉ:

ÇáÍÇáÉ ÇáÚÇÏíÉ

<TABLE id=table2 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=189>

<TR>
<td>
<TABLE id=table3 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=185>

<TR>
<td dir=rtl>
ÇáÎÖÇÈ ÇáÏãæí ÇáÚÇÏí
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td dir=rtl>
ÇáãæÞÚ
</TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<td dir=rtl>
ÇáæÍÏÇÊ ÇáÑãÒíÉ
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td dir=rtl>
ÇáÃÍãÇÖ ÇáÃãíäíÉ
</TD></TR></TABLE>

<TABLE id=table4 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=503>

<TR align=middle>
<td>
b A
</TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD>
<td width=34> </TD></TR>
<TR align=middle>
<td>
ÈÏÇíÉ
</TD>
<td>
1
</TD>
<td>
2
</TD>
<td>
3
</TD>
<td>
4
</TD>
<td>
5
</TD>
<td>
6
</TD>
<td>
7
</TD>
<td>
8
</TD>
<td>
9
</TD>
<td width=34>
10
</TD></TR>
<TR align=middle>
<td>
AUG
</TD>
<td>
CUG
</TD>
<td>
CAC
</TD>
<td>
CUG
</TD>
<td>
ACU
</TD>
<td>
CCU
</TD>
<td>
GAG
</TD>
<td>
GAG
</TD>
<td>
AAG
</TD>
<td>
UCU
</TD>
<td width=34>
GCC
</TD></TR>
<TR align=middle>
<td> </TD>
<td>
Val
</TD>
<td>
His
</TD>
<td>
Leu
</TD>
<td>
Thr
</TD>
<td>
Pro
</TD>
<td>
Glu
</TD>
<td>
Glu
</TD>
<td>
Lys
</TD>
<td>
Ser
</TD>
<td width=34>
Ala
</TD></TR></TABLE>

ØÝÑÉ ÕÇãÊÉ áÇ ÊÍÏË Ãí ÊÛíÑ Ýí ØÈíÚÉ ÇáÈÑæÊíä

<TABLE id=table6 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=197>

<TR>
<td dir=rtl>
<TABLE id=table7 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=180>

<TR>
<td>ÇáÎÖÇÈ ÇáÏãæí ÇáØÇÝÑ</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td>ÇáãæÞÚ</TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<td dir=rtl>ÇáæÍÏÇÊ ÇáÑãÒíÉ</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td dir=rtl>ÇáÃÍãÇÖ ÇáÃãíäíÉ</TD></TR></TABLE>

ÈÏÇíÉ

</TD>
<td>

1

</TD>
<td>

2

</TD>
<td>

3

</TD>
<td>

4

</TD>
<td>

5

</TD>
<td>

6

</TD>
<td>

7

</TD>
<td>

8

</TD>
<td>

9

</TD>
<td>

10

</TD>
<td>...</TD></TR>
<TR align=middle>
<td>

AUG

</TD>
<td>

GUG

</TD>
<td>

CAC

</TD>
<td>

CUG

</TD>
<td>

ACU

</TD>
<td>

CCU

</TD>
<td>

GAA

</TD>
<td>

GAG

</TD>
<td>

AAG

</TD>
<td>

UCU

</TD>
<td>

GCC

</TD>
<td>...</TD></TR>
<TR align=middle>
<td> </TD>
<td>

Val

</TD>
<td>

His

</TD>
<td>

Leu

</TD>
<td>

Thr

</TD>
<td>

Pro

</TD>
<td>

Glu

</TD>
<td>

Glu

</TD>
<td>

Lys

</TD>
<td>

Ser

</TD>
<td>

Ala

</TD>
<td>...</TD></TR></TABLE>

ÇáÍÇáÉ ÇáÚÇÏíÉ

<TABLE id=table10 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=252>

<TR>
<td dir=rtl>
<TABLE id=table11 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=249>

<TR>
<td>
ÇáÎÖÇÈ ÇáÏãæí ÇáÚÇÏí</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td>ÇáãæÞÚ</TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<td dir=rtl>ÇáæÍÏÇÊ ÇáÑãÒíÉ</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td dir=rtl>ÇáÃÍãÇÖ ÇáÃãíäíÉ</TD></TR></TABLE>

33

</TD>
<td>

34

</TD>
<td>

35

</TD>
<td>

36

</TD>
<td>

37

</TD>
<td>

38

</TD>
<td>

39

</TD>
<td>

40

</TD>
<td>

41

</TD>
<td>...</TD></TR>
<TR align=middle>
<td width=35 align=middle>...</TD>
<td>

GUG

</TD>
<td>

GUC

</TD>
<td>

UAC

</TD>
<td>

CCU

</TD>
<td>

UGG

</TD>
<td>

ACC

</TD>
<td>

CAG

</TD>
<td>

AGG

</TD>
<td>

UUC

</TD>
<td>...</TD></TR>
<TR align=middle>
<td width=35>...</TD>
<td>

Val

</TD>
<td>

Val

</TD>
<td>

Tyr

</TD>
<td>

Pro

</TD>
<td>

Try

</TD>
<td>

Thr

</TD>
<td>

Gln

</TD>
<td>

Arg

</TD>
<td>

Phe

</TD>
<td>...</TD></TR></TABLE>

ØÝÑÉ ÈÏæä ãÚäì ÊæÞÝ ÊÑßíÈ ÇáÈÑæÊíä

Béta thalassémie

<TABLE id=table14 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=237>

<TR>
<td dir=rtl>
<TABLE id=table15 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=235>

<TR>
<td>
ÇáÎÖÇÈ ÇáÏãæí ÇáØÇÝÑ</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td>ÇáãæÞÚ</TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<td dir=rtl>ÇáæÍÏÇÊ ÇáÑãÒíÉ</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td dir=rtl>ÇáÃÍãÇÖ ÇáÃãíäíÉ</TD></TR></TABLE>

33

</TD>
<td>

34

</TD>
<td>

35

</TD>
<td>

36

</TD>
<td>

37

</TD>
<td>

38

</TD>
<td>

39

</TD>
<td>

40

</TD>
<td>

41

</TD>
<td>...</TD></TR>
<TR align=middle>
<td width=49 align=middle>...</TD>
<td align=middle>

GUG

</TD>
<td>

GUC

</TD>
<td>

UAC

</TD>
<td>

CCU

</TD>
<td>

UGG

</TD>
<td>

ACC

</TD>
<td>

UAG

</TD>
<td>

AGG

</TD>
<td>

UUC

</TD>
<td>...</TD></TR>
<TR align=middle>
<td width=49>...</TD>
<td>

Val

</TD>
<td>

Val

</TD>
<td>

Tyr

</TD>
<td>

Pro

</TD>
<td>

Try

</TD>
<td>

Thr

</TD>
<td>Stop</TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD>
<td> </TD></TR></TABLE>

ØÝÑÉ ÊÍÏË ÊÛíÑÇ Ýí ØÈíÚÉ ÇáÈÑæÊíä

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ÃãËáÉ áÈÚÖ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ æ ÚæÇÞÈåÇ

<TABLE dir=rtl id=table18 border=0 cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 width=661 align=left>

<TR>
<td align=middle>

ÇáÍáíá ÇáÚÇÏí</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

On ne fait pas d'omelette sans casser des oeufs.</TD>
<td vAlign=center align=middle>

ÇáÚæÇÞÈ</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td align=middle>

ÇÓÊÈÏÇá</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

On ne sait pas d'omelette sans casser des oeufs.</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÈÏæä ÊÃËíÑ</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td align=middle>

ÇÓÊÈÏÇá</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

On ne fait pas d'omelette sans vasser des oeufs.</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÝÞÏÇä ÇáãÚäì</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td align=middle>

ÖíÇÚ</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

1 / On ne fas d'omelette sans casser des oeufs.</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÝÞÏÇä ÇáãÚäì</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td>
ÖíÇÚ
</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

2/ On ne fait pas d'omelete sans casser des oeufs.</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÈÏæä ÊÃËíÑ</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td align=middle>

ÇÖÇÝÉ</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

1 / On ne fait pas d'omelette sans casser des boeufs.</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÝÞÏÇä ÇáãÚäì</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td>
ÇÖÇÝÉ
</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

2/ On ne fait pas d'ommelette sans casser des oeufs.</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÈÏæä ÊÃËíÑ</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td align=middle>

ÙåæÑ æÍÏÉ ÞÝ</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

On ne fait pas. ~~d'omelette sans casser des oeufs.~~</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÝÞÏÇä ÇáãÚäì</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td align=middle>

ãÖÇÚÝÉ</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

On ne fait pait pas d'omelette sans casser des oeufs.</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÝÞÏÇä ÇáãÚäì</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td align=middle>

ÇäÊÞÇá</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

On ne fait pas d'oeufs. ~~omelette sans casser des~~</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÝÞÏÇä ÇáãÚäì</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td align=middle>

ÊÈÇÏá</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

On ne fait pas d'oeufs sans casser des omelette.</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÝÞÏÇä ÇáãÚäì</TD></TR>
<TR>
<td align=middle>

ÇäÚßÇÓ</TD>
<td dir=ltr align=middle>

On ne fait pas d'ressac snas ettelemo des oeufs</TD>
<td align=middle>

ÝÞÏÇä ÇáãÚäì</TD></TR></TABLE>

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ÇäÙÑ ÇáæËíÞÉ1 Ü ÇäÙÑ ÇáæËíÞÉ2 Ü ÇäÙÑ ÇáæËíÞÉ3

Ü ÇáØÝÑÇÊ ÇáÕÈÛíÉ: ãÑÊÈØÉ ÈÊÛíÑÇÊ Ýí ÈäíÉ Ãæ ÚÏÏ ÇáÕÈÛíÇÊ ÇáÐí íÄÏí Åáì ÊÚÏÏ ÇáãÙÇåÑ.

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ÇäÙÑ ÇáÑÇÈØ1 ÜÇáÑÇÈØ2 Ü ÇáÑÇÈØ3 Ü ÇáÑÇÈØ4

ÔÐæÐ ÇáÇäÞÓÇã ÇáÇÎÊÒÇáí

ÇäÙÑ ÇáÑÇÈØ1 Ü ÇáÑÇÈØ2

Ü ÏæÑ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ Ýí ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáæÑÇËí:

ÊÚÏ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ ÐÇÊ ÃåãíÉ Ýí ÇäÊÇÌ ÇÔßÇá ÌÏíÏÉ ãä ÇáÍáíáÇÊ.

áäÚÊÈÑ ãæÑËÉ ÐÇÊ Íáíáíä A æ a ÈÍíË ÊãËá u ãÚÏá ÇáØÝÑÉ ãä A Åáì a æ v ãÚÏá ÇáØÝÑÉ ÇáÚßÓíÉ ãä a Åáì A

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ÇÐÇ ÇÚÊÈÑäÇ p0 æ q0 ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ A æ a Ýí ÇáÌíá G0 ¡ ÝÇä ÊÑÏÏÇÊ åÐå ÇáÍáíáÇÊ p1 æ q1 Ýí ÇáÌíá G1 åí:

f(A) p1 = p0 - u p0 + v q0
f(a) q1 = q0 - v q0 + u p0

ÇáÝÇÑÞ Dq áÊÑÏÏ ÇáÍáíá a Èíä ÇáÌíáíä G0 æ G1 åæ :

</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>

Dq = q1 - q0
Dq= -vq0 + up0

ÇáÝÇÑÞ Dp áÊÑÏÏ ÇáÍáíá A Èíä ÇáÌíáíä G0 æ G1 åæ :

</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>

Dp = p1 - p0
Dp= -up0 + vq0

</BLOCKQUOTE>

Ýí ÍÇáÉ ÇáÊæÇÒä ¡ áÇ ÊÊÛíÑ ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ A æ a Èíä Ìíáíä ãÊÊÇáííä (p_n+1 = p_n æ q_n+1 = q_n ) Ãí

D	q	= 0
D	p	= 0	æ

æ Ýí åÐå ÇáÍÇáÉ íãËá pe ÊÑÏÏ A æ qe ÊÑÏÏ a ( ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÊæÇÒä)

</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>

Dq = - v qe + u pe = 0
Dq = - v qe + u (1-qe) = 0
Dq = - v qe + u - uqe = 0
Dq = u -qe (u + v) = 0
qe = u / (u + v)

ÈÇáäÓÈÉ ááÍáíá A :

</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>

pe= v / (u + v)

ÇÐä ÝÞíã ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ Ýí ÍÇáÉ ÇáÊæÇÒä ÊÑÊÈØ ÝÞØ ÈãÚÏáÇÊ ÇáØÝÑÉ

ãËÇá: ÅÐÇ ÇÚÊÈÑäÇ

v= 10^-7

æ

u=10^-6

ÝÇä ÊÑÏÏ ÇáÌáíá A Ýí ÍÇáÉ ÇáÊæÇÒä åí

pe= v / u + v

=

10^-7

/

10^-6

+

10^-7

pe=0,09

æ ãä Êã qe=0,91

</BLOCKQUOTE>

Ü ÇáÚáÇÞÉ Èíä äÓÈÉ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ æ ÇáãÍÊæì ÇáÌíäí ááÓÇßäÉ:

íãËá ÇáÌÏæá ÇáÊÇáí äÓÈÉ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ ÚäÏ ÈÚÖ ÇáãÊÚÖíÇÊ

ÇáßÇÆä	ÊÛíÑ ÇáãÙåÑ ÇáÎÇÑÌí	äÓÈÉ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ
ÇáÚÇÊíÉ	ßÈÍ ÇáÇäÍáÇá	10^-8
ÇáÚÇÊíÉ	ÊÚíÑ äæÚíÉ ÇáÚÇÆá	3.10^-9
Escherichia coli	ÚÏã ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÊÎãÑ ÇááÇßÊæÒ	2.10^-7
Chlamydomonas	streptomycine ãÞÇæãÉ	10-8
ÝØÑ äæÑæÓÈæÑÇ	inositol ÚÏã ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÊÑßíÈ	8.10^-8
ÐÈÇÈÉ ÇáÎá	ÙåæÑ Úíæä ÈíÖÇÁ	4.10^-5

ÈãÇ Çä äÓÈÉ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ ÖÚíÝÉ ÌÏÇ ÝÇä ÊÛíÑ ÊÑÏÏ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ÏÇÎá ÇáÓÇßäÉ ÈæÇÓØÉ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ íßæä ÖÚíÝÇ áßä ãÚ ÊÚÏÏ ÇáÇÌíÇá ÊÕÈÍ ãåãÉ ããÇ íÄÏí Çáì ÊÛíÑ ÇáãÍÊæì ÇáÌíäí ááÓÇßäÉ.

Ü ÎáÇÕÉ:

ÊÚÊÈÑ ÇáØÝÑÇÊ ÇáÙÇåÑÉ ÇáÇÓÇÓíÉ ÇáÊí ÊäÊÌ ÚäåÇ ÍáíáÇÊ ÌÏíÏÉ æ ÈÐáß ÊÑÝÚ ãä ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáæÑÇËí ÏÇÎá ÇáÓÇßäÇÊ ÇáØÈíÚÉ¡æ åí äÇÏÑÇ ãÇÊßæä ãÝíÏÉ.

È ÜÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ : ÇäÙÑ ÇáæËíÞÉ1 Ü ÇäÙÑ ÇáæËíÞÉ2 Ü ÇäÙÑ ÇáæËíÞÉ3

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Ü ÏÑÇÓÉ ãËÇá:

ÊÚÊÈÑ ÃÑÝíÉ ÇáÈÊæáÉ ÝÑÇÔÉ áíáíÉ ÊÞÖí ÇáäåÇÑ Úáì ÌÐæÚ ÇáÇÔÌÇÑ æ áåÇ ãÙåÑíä ÝÑÇÔÇÊ ÐÇÊ áæä ÞÇÊã æ ÝÑÇÔÇÊ ÐÇÊ áæä ÝÇÊÍ.:

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æ íãËá ÇáÌÏæá ÇáÊÇáí ÊæÒíÚ åÐå ÇáÝÑÇÔÇÊ Ýí ãäØÞÊíä ãäØÞÉ ÕÊÇÚíÉ æ ãäØÞÉ ÞÑæíÉ

	ãäØÞÉ ÕäÇÚíÉ		ãäØÞÉ ÞÑæíÉ
ãÙåÑ ÇáÎÇÑÌí	ÝÇÊÍ	ÞÇÊã	ÝÇÊÍ	ÞÇÊã
% ÇáÇÔßÇá ÏÇÎá ÇáÓÇßäÉ	11	89	100	0
% ÇáÃÔßÇá ÇáãÕØÇÏÉ	74	26	14	86

ãä ÎáÇá ãÚØíÇÊ ÇáÌÏæá íÊÈíä Çä ÊÑÏÏ ÇáÝÑÇÔÇÊ íÎÊáÝ ÍÓÈ ÇáãäØÞÉ ÝÝí ÇáãäØÞÉ ÇáÕäÇÚÉ äáÇÍÙ ÇÑÊÝÇÚ ÊÑÏÏ ÇáÝÑÇÔÇÊ ÇáÞÇÊãÉ ÈíäãÇ Ýí ÇáãäØÞÉ ÇáÞÑæíÉ åäÇß ÇÑÊÝÇÚ Ýí ÊÑÏÏ ÇáÝÑÇÔÇÊ ÇáÝÇÊÍÉ ¡ æ íãßä ÊÝÓíÑ Ðáß ÈÇÎÊáÇÝ ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÇáÊÎÝí ãä ÇáØíæÑ ÇáãÝÊÑÓÉ ÍÓÈ ÇáãäÇØÞ Çäå ÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ ÇáØÈíÚí.

ÊÊÍßã Ýí áæä ÇáÝÑÇÔÇÊ ãæÑËÉ Úáì Ôßá Íáíáíä C ÓÇÆÏ æ c ãÊäÍí. ÇáäãØ ÇáæÑÇËí ááÝÑÇÔÇÊ ÇáÞÇÊãÉ åæ CC Ãæ Cc æ ÇáÝÑÇÔÇÊ ÇáÝÇÊÍÉ cc .

íãËá ÇáÌÏæá ÇáÊÇáí ÊÛíÑ äÓÈ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ãÚ ÊæÇáí ÇáÇÌíÇá Ýí ãäØÞÉ ÕäÇÚíÉ ãä ÓÊÉ 1858 Çáì 1948 .

ÇáÇÌíÇá		1858	1868	1878	1888	1908	1928	1938	1948
äÓÈ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ	C	0	3	45	76	90	94	96	96
äÓÈ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ	c	100	97	55	24	10	6	4	4

äáÇÎÙ ÇáÊÑÇÌÚ ÇáÊÏÑíÌí ááÍáíá c æ ÊËÈíÊ ÇáÍáíá ÇáÓÇÆÏ C Ýí ÇáãäØÞÉ ÇáÕäÇÚíÉ ÇÐä åäÇß ÊÛíÑ Ýí ÇáÈäíÉ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ ááÓÇßäÉ.

Ü ÎáÇÕÉ:

Ü äÊÍÏË Úä ÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ ÇáØÈíÚí ÚäÏãÇ áÇ íßæä áÇÝÑÇÏ ÓÇßäÉ ãÚíäÉ äÝÓ ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÇáÊæÇáÏ æ ÇÚØÇÁ ÎáÝ ÞÇÏÑ Úáì ÇáÚíÔ ããÇ íÄÏí Çáì ÇäÊÞÇá ÍáíáÇÊ ÈÚÖ ÇáÇÝÑÇÏ ÈÔßá ÊÝÇÖáí Çáì ÇáÇÌíÇá ÇáãæÇáíÉ ãÓÈÈÇ ÊÛíÑÇ Ýí ÇáÈäíÉ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ ááÓÇßäÉ.

Ü ÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ ÇáØÈíÚí:íÞáÕ ÚãæãÇ ãä ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáæÑÇËí ÏÇÎá ÇáÓÇßäÉ ÚÈÑ ÇÒÇáÉ ÈÚÖ ÇáÇäãÇØ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ ÛíÑ ÇáãáÇÆãÉ(æíãßä Ãä íÍÇÝÙ Úáì ÈÚÖ ÇáÊäæÚÇÊ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ)

Ü ÇäæÇÚ ÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ ÇáØÈíÚí:

Ü ÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ ÇáãËÈÊ: íÄÏí Çáì ÍÐÝ ÇáãÙÇåÑ ÇáÎÇÑÌíÉ ÇáãæÌæÏÉ Ýí ÇáØÑÝíä

Ü ÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ ÇáÇÊÌÇåí: íÄÏí Çáì ÍÐÝ ÇáãÙÇåÑ ÇáÎÇÑÌíÉ ÇáãæÌæÏÉ Ýí ÇÍÏ ÇáØÑÝíä

Ü ÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ ÇáÊÈÇÚÏí: íÄÏí Çáì ÇáÇÍÊÝÇÙ ÈÇáãÙÇåÑ ÇáÎÇÑÌíÉ ÇáãæÌæÏÉ Ýí ÇáØÑÝíä ÇäÙÑ ÇáæËíÞÉ

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Ï Ü ÇáÇäÍÑÇÞ ÇáÌíäí : ÇäÙÑ ÇáæËíÞÉ1 Ü ÇäÙÑ ÇáæËíÞÉ2 Ü ÇáæËíÞÉ 3 Ü ÇáæËíÞÉ 4

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1 Ü ÇáßÔÝ Úä ÇáÇäÍÑÇÝ ÇáÌíäí

télécharger puis exécuter Genpopusetup.exe (1,9 Mo).

ÊãËá ÇáæËíÞÉ ÇáÊÇáíÉ ÊØæÑ ÊÑÏÏ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ÏÇÎá 4 ÓÇßäÇÊ ÊÌÑíÈíÉ ãÎÊáÝÉ ÇáÞÏ.

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Ü Ýí ÈÏÇíÉ ÇáÊÌÑÈÉ : ßÇäÊ ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ÚäÏ ßá ÇáÓÇßäÇÊ ÊÓÇæí 0,5

Ü ÈÚÏ 80 Ìíá ÊÞÑíÈÇ íáÇÍÙ Ãä ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ÊÊØæÑ ÈÔßá ãÎÊáÝ ÍÓÈ ÞÏ ÇáÓÇßäÉ ÝÝí ÇáÓÇßäÇÊ ÇáÕÛíÑÉ ÊÊÛíÑ ÇáÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÈÔßá ßÈíÑ ÈÇáãÞÇÑäÉ ãÚ ÇáÓÇßäÇÊ ÇáßÈíÑÉ¡ ÍíË íãßä ÇÎÊÝÇÁ Ãæ ÊËÈíÊ ÈÚÖ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ãÚ ãÑæÑ ÇáÒãä.

æ ãä Êã ÝßáãÇ ßÇäÊ ÇáÓÇßäÉ ÕÛíÑÉ ÓÊäÊÔÑ ÇáÊÌÏíÏÇÊ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ ÝíåÇ ÈÔßá ÓÑíÚ. æ åÐå ÇáÊÛíÑÇÊ ÛíÑ ãäÊÙÑÉ Ýåí ÚÔæÇÆíÉ æ åÐÇ ãÇ íÚÑÝ ÈÇáÇäÍÑÇÝ ÇáÌíäí ÇáÚÔæÇÆí.

ãáÍæÙÉ: Úáì ÚßÓ ÇáÇäÍÑÇÝ ÇáÌíäí¡ Ýí ÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ ÇáØÈíÚí äÊæÞÚ ÇáÍáíá ÇáÐí ÓíËÈÊ æ ÇáÐí ÓíÎÊÝí(ãËÇá ÝÑÇÔÇÊ ÇáÃÑÝíÉ)

2 Ü äãÐÌÉ ááÇäÍÑÇÝ ÇáÌíäí: ãÝÚæá "ÚäÞ ÇáÒÌÇÌÉ" bottleneck

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3 Ü ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÇäÍÑÇÝ ÇáÌíäí:

Ü íãËá ÇáÇäÍÑÇÝ ÇáÌíäí ÇáÊÞáÈÇÊ ÇáÚÔæÇÆíÉ áÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ãä Ìíá Çáì ÇÎÑ ÏÇÎá ÇáÓÇßäÇÊ ÇáÕÛíÑÉ æ íÑÌÚ Ðáß Çáì ÇáÊÚíÇä ÇáÚÔæÇÆí ãä Èíä ÇáÃãÔÇÌ.(ßáãÇ ßÇäÊ ÇáÓÇßäÉ ÕÛíÑÉ ßÇä ÇÍÊãÇá ÓÍÈ ÇãÔÇÌ ãä äÝÓ ÇáäæÚ ßÈíÑÇ)¡ ÝÇáãÏÉ ÇáÒãäíÉ ÇáßÇÝíÉ áÍÐÝ Çæ ÊËÈíÊ Íáíá ãÚíä ÊäÎÝÖ ßáãÇ ÕÛÑ ÍÌã ÇáÓÇßäÉ.

Ü íÞáÕ ãä ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáæÑÇËí ÏÇÎá ÇáÓÇßäÉ ÈÇÎÊÝÇÁ ÍáíáÇÊ æ ÊËÈíÊ ÇÎÑì .

Ì ÜÇáåÌÑÉ :

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ÊÄÏí ÇáåÌÑÉ Çáì ÇäÊÞÇá ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ÚÈÑ ÇäÊÞÇá ÇáÇÝÑÇÏ Èíä ÓÇßäÇÊ ãÊÈÇÚÏÉ ãä äÝÓ ÇáäæÚ.

Ü ÏÑÇÓÉ ãËÇá: ÇáäãæÐÌ ÇáÌÒíÑí: ÇäÙÑ ÇáÑÇÈØ

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ÇÐÇ ÇÚÊÈÑäÇ Ýí ÇáÌíá G0 Çä ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ Èíä ÇáÓÇßäÊíä¡p_m ÈÇáäÓÈÉ áÓÇßäÉ ÇáãåÇÌÑíä æ p₀ ÈÇáäÓÈÉ ááÓÇßäÉ ÇáãÓÊÞÈáÉ (ÇáÌÒíÑÉ)¡

Óíßæä ÊÑÏÏ ÇáÍáíá A Ýí ÇáÌíá G1 íÚÏ ÊÏÝÞ åÌÑí m åæ:

p₁ = (1 - m) p₀+ m p_m

Èíä ÇáÌíáíä åæ

Dp

Ü ÝÑÞ ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíá

</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>

Dp= p ₁- p₀ = m (p_m - p₀)

Ü Çí Èíä Ìíáíä t æ t+1

</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>

Dp=p _t+1 - p_t= m (p_m - p_t)

æ ÈÇáÊÇáí ÊÛíÑ ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ãÊäÇÓÈ ãÚ ÇáÊÏÝÞ ÇáåÌÑí m æ ÝÑÞ ÇáÊÑÏÏ Èíä ÇáÓÇßÊíä.

Dp = 0	íÍÏË ÇáÊæÇÒä ¡ÚäÏãÇ ÊÕÈÍ
Çí ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ Ýí ÇáÓÇßäÉ ÇáãÓÊÞÈáÉ(ÇáÌÒíÑÉ) ãÊÓÇæíÉ ãÚ ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ Ýí ÓÇßäÉ ÇáãåÇÌÑíä(ÇáÞÇÑÉ).

p_e= p_m
q_e= q_m

</BLOCKQUOTE>

Ü äãæÐÌ ÇáÇÑÎÈíá

ÊÈÇÏáÇÊ ãÊÚÏÏÉ ÇáÇÊÌÇåÇÊ Èíä ÓÇßäÇÊ ãÞÓãÉ æ ãæÒÚÉ Úáì ÚÏÉ ãäÇØÞ(ßãÌãæÚÉ ãä ÇáÌÒÑ). æÈÝÚá åÐÇ ÇáÊÏÝÞ ÇáåÌÑí ÊÊÞáÕ ÊÏÑíÌíÇ ÇáÇÎÊáÇÝÇÊ ÇáÍÇÕáÉ Ýí ÊÑÏÏ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ æ ÊäÍæ Çáì ÊÑÏÏ ãÔÊÑß íÞÇÈá ãÚÏá ÊÑÏÏ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ÚäÏ åÐå ÇáÓÇßäÇÊ.

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Ü ÇáäãæÐÌ ÇáÎØí: stepping stone model

ãËá ÈäíÉ ÇáäåÑ ÍíË Êßæä åÌÑÉ ÓÇßäÉ ÇáãäÈÚ Ýí ÇÊÌÇå ÎØí äÍæ ÇáãÕÈ æ ÊãÑ ÚÈÑ ÓÇßäÇÊ æÓíØÉ¡ æ íáÇÍÙ Êßæä ããÇáÇ áÊÑÏÏ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ íÒÏÇÏ æÓÚÇ ßáãÇ ßÈÑÊ ÇáãÓÇÝÉ ÇáÝÇÕáÉ Èíä ÇáÓÇßäÇÊ .

Ü ÎáÇÕÉ:

Êãßä ÇáåÌÑÉ ãä:

Ü ÊÛííÑ ÇáÈäíÉ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ ááÓÇßäÇÊ ÇáãÓÊÞÈáÉ ÈÇáÑÝÚ ãä ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáæÑÇËí ÚÈÑ æÕæá ÍáíáÇÊ ÌÏíÏÉ ãä ÓÇßäÇÊ ÈÚíÏÉ.

Ü ÇáÊÎáíØ ÇáæÑÇËí Èíä ÓÇßäÇÊ ãÊÈÇÚÏÉ ããÇ íÄÏí Çáì ÊÞáíÕ ÇáÊÈÇíä ÇáæÑÇËí Èíä åÐå ÇáÓÇßäÇÊ.

8 Ü ÎáÇÕÉ: ÇäÙÑ ÇáÑÇÈØ English version

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9 Ü ÇáÊØæÑ ÇáÖãäæÚí: ãËÇá ÍáÒæä ÇáÎÔÈ Cepaea nemoralis

ÊÓÇåã ÚæÇãá ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáæÑÇËí ááÓÇßäÉ Ýí ÊÛííÑ ÊÑÏÏÇÊ ÇáÍáíáÇÊ ÚÈÑ ÇáÇÌíÇá ããÇ íÓÇåã Ýí ÙåæÑ ÍáíáÇÊ ÌÏíÏÉ æ ÇÎÊÝÇÁ ÇÎÑì æ ÇäÊÔÇÑ ÍáíáÇÊ ÇÎÑì¡ããÇ íÍÏË ÊÛíÑÇÊ Úáì ãÓÊæì ÇáäæÚ.

Ü ÇáãÚÇííÑ ÇáããíÒÉ ááäæÚ:

áÊãííÒ ÇáäæÚ äÚÊãÏ Úáì ãÌãæÚÉ ãä ÇáãÚÇííÑ ÇáÊÇáíÉ:

Ü ãÚÇííÑ ãæÑÝæáæÌíÉ

Ü ãÚÇííÑ ÕÈÛíÉ

Ü ãÚÇííÑ ÈíæßíãíÇÆíÉ æÑÇËíÉ

Ü ãÚÇííÑ ÓáæßíÉ

Ü ãÚÇííÑ ÇíßæáæÌíÉ

Ü ãÚÇííÑ ÝíÒíæáæÌíÉ

Ü ãÚíÇÑ ÇáÎÕæÈÉ:æ åæ Çåã ãÚíÇÑ áÊÍÏíÏ ÇáäæÚ æ íÊÌáì Ýí ÞÏÑÉ ÇáÇÝÑÇÏ Úáì ÇáÊæÇáÏ æ ÇÚØÇÁ ÎáÝ ÎÕíÈ .

Ü ÇáÊØæÑ ÇáÖãäæÚí:

íäÊÌ ÇáÊØæÑ ÇáÕãäæÚí Úä ÊÚÇÞÈ ãÌãæÚÉ ãä ÇáÊÛíÑÇÊ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ ÇáÕÛíÑÉ äÓÈíÇ ÏÇÎá ÇáäæÚ äÝÓå ÈÍíË áÇ ÊÄËÑ Úáì ÞÏÑÉ ÇáÇÝÑÇÏ Úáì ÇáÊæÇáÏ æ ÇÚØÇÁ ÎáÝ ÎÕíÈ.

Ü ÎáÇÕÉ:

ßáãÇ ßÇäÊ ÇáãÓÇÝÉ ÇáÊí ÊÚÒá Èíä ÓÇßäÇÊ ãä äÝÓ ÇáäæÚ ßÈíÑÉ ÇáÇ æ ßÇä ÇáÇÍÊãÇá ßÈíÑÇ Çä ÊÚÑÝ ÇÎÊáÇÝÇÊ Ýí ÚÏÏ ãä ÇáÎÇÕíÇÊ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ æ íÑÌÚ Ðáß Çáì ÊÑÇßã ÊÏÑíÌí áãÌãæÚÉ ãä ÇáÊÛíÑÇÊ ÇáæÑÇËíÉ ÚÈÑ ÇáÒãä äÊíÌÉ ãÌãæÚÉ ãä ÇáÇáíÇÊ(ÇáØÝÑÇÊ æ ÇáåÌÑÉ æ ÇáÇäÊÞÇÁ ÇáØÈíÚí æ ÇáÇäÍÑÇÝ ÇáÌíäí) ãÚ ÇáÍÝÇÙ Úáì ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÇáÊæÇáÏ æ ÇÚØÇÁ ÇáÎáÝ ÇáÎÕíÈ

ÔßÑÇ ÇÎÊí ÌåíÏÉ æÌÚá Úãáß åÏÇ Ýí ãíÒÇä ÍÓäÇÊß

ÔßÑÇ áßí áÌãíá ãÇ ÊÞÏãíäå æÊÈÏÚíäå Ýí ÕÑÍäÇ ÇáãÊæÇÖÚ
ÏãÊ áäÇ æÏãä áß

ÈÇäÊÙÇÑ ãÇ ÊÈÏÚå ÇäÇãáß
ÊÍíÇÊí
åãÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÈÑÇÁÉ ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÓÉ

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ÔßÑÇ ÇÎÊí ÌåíÏÉ

merci pour le sujet que dieu vos garde

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ÔßÑÇ ÌÒíííííííííííííííííáÇ

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